![]() Much of Monmouth County remains flat and low-lying even far inland. Sandy Hook Lighthouse on Sandy Hook, the oldest operating lighthouse in the United StatesĪccording to the 2010 census, the county had a total area of 665.32 square miles (1,723.2 km 2), including 468.79 square miles (1,214.2 km 2) of land (70.5%) and 196.53 square miles (509.0 km 2) of water (29.5%). At the same time the region underwent massive and not unrelated economic changes, this process led to places like Monmouth County, New Jersey becoming significantly more diverse and somewhat less rural. Between 18 nearly 18 million European immigrants came to America. By the year 2010 Monmouth County's population was 628,112 of whom 40,489 were of English descent. In 1790 Monmouth County's population was 16,918, of whom roughly 6,600 were of English descent and the remainder were Welsh, Dutch and Swedish, as well as small amounts of African Americans and Northern Irish Protestants. Ocean County was carved out of Monmouth County in 1850. There was a small African-American middle class consisting of freedmen present in Monmouth County by the 1840s and 1850s. Monmouth's free African American population climbed from 353 in 1790 to 2,658 in 1860. The number of enslaved persons fell steeply after 1820, though a small number remained until at least 1850. Īt independence, Monmouth's population included 1,640 slaves, as well as an undetermined number of free African Americans. It was at Monmouth that the tactics and training from Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben developed at Valley Forge during the winter encampment were first implemented on a large scale. The Battle of Monmouth was waged on June 28, 1778Īt the June 28, 1778, Battle of Monmouth, near Freehold Township, General George Washington's soldiers battled the British under Sir Henry Clinton, in the longest land battle of the American Revolutionary War. On October 31, 1693, the county was partitioned into the townships of Freehold, Middletown and Shrewsbury. Monmouth County was established on March 7, 1683, while part of the province of East Jersey. Enslaved Africans were present in the area from at least 1680, and by 1726 made up 9% of the total population of the county. As they arrived in this area, they were greeted by Lenape people, who lived in scattered small family bands and developed a largely amicable relationship with the new arrivals. They were followed by a group of Scottish settlers who inhabited Freehold Township in about 1682–1885, followed several years later by Dutch settlers. ![]() Additionally, a group of Quaker families from Long Island settled the Monmouth Tract, an early land grant from Richard Nicolls issued in 1665. Penelope "miraculously" survived her wounds from a native attack in Sandy Hook and further lived to the age of 110. ![]() In 1609, the English navigator, Henry Hudson, and his crew aboard the Dutch vessel Half Moon spotted land in what is now Monmouth County, most likely off Sandy Hook however, some historical accounts credit this landing to present-day Keansburg.Īmong the first European settlers and majority landowners in the area were Richard and Penelope Stout. During this time, an important crossroad of two major Lenape trails was located in the area of Freehold in western Monmouth County. ![]() They also practiced some agriculture to augment their food supply. They were also skilled fisherman, and were known to harvest vast amounts of clams from the bays and inlets on the Jersey Shore. They were prolific hunters of small game and birds. They were largely sedentary, changing campsites seasonally. The Lenape were a hunter-gatherer society. They lived along the vicinity of the Jersey Shore, the Raritan Bay, the Raritan River and other areas in the northeastern United States. They came from the Mississippi River area. Indigenous history Īround the year 1000, the area of Monmouth County began to be inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans prior to the arrival of European settlers. Other suggestions include that it was named for James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1649–1685), who had many allies among the East Jersey leadership. Another plausible theory, is from a suggestion from Colonel Lewis Morris that the county should be named after Monmouthshire in Wales, Great Britain. This is likely, due to many of the county's earliest settlers originating from Rhode Island. It is thought that the county received its name from the Rhode Island Monmouth Society. The naming of Monmouth County has different historical theories. The Allentown Mill in Allentown Etymology
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